数学 - Python - JavaScript - 解析学 - 積分 - 積分の計算 - 部分分数(累乗(べき乗)、置換、部分積分法、帰納法)

解析入門 原書第3版
原著

学習環境

• Surface 3 (4G LTE)、Surface 3 タイプ カバー、Surface ペン(端末)
• Windows 10 Pro (OS)
• Nebo(Windows アプリ)
• iPad Pro + Apple Pencil
• MyScript Nebo(iPad アプリ)
• 参考書籍
  • Pythonからはじめる数学入門
  • JavaScriptリファレンス 第6版
  • インタラクティブ・データビジュアライゼーション

解析入門 原書第3版 (S.ラング(著)、松坂 和夫(翻訳)、片山 孝次(翻訳)、岩波書店)の第3部(積分)、第11章(積分の計算)、4(部分分数)、練習問題10.を取り組んでみる。

10. 
    
    $\begin{array}{}\int \; <!--\; integral\; -->\frac{1}{{\left(x^2+1\right)}^3}\mathrm{dx}\\ =\frac{1}{2·\; <!--\; middle\; dot\; -->2}·\; <!--\; middle\; dot\; -->\frac{x}{{\left(x^2+1\right)}^2}+\frac{3}{2·\; <!--\; middle\; dot\; -->2}·\; <!--\; middle\; dot\; -->\int \; <!--\; integral\; -->\frac{1}{{\left(x^2+1\right)}^2}\mathrm{dx}\\ =\frac{1}{4}\left(\frac{x}{{\left(x^2+1\right)}^2}+3\left(\frac{1}{2}·\; <!--\; middle\; dot\; -->\frac{x}{x^2+1}+\frac{1}{2}\int \; <!--\; integral\; -->\frac{1}{x^2+1}\mathrm{dx}\right)\right)\\ =\frac{x}{4{\left(x^2+1\right)}^2}+\frac{3}{8}\left(\frac{x}{x^2+1}+\arctan x\right)\\ =\frac{x}{4{\left(x^2+1\right)}^2}+\frac{3x}{8\left(x^2+1\right)}+\frac{3}{8}\arctan x\end{array}$

コード(Emacs)

Python 3

#!/usr/bin/env python3
from sympy import pprint, symbols, Integral, plot, atan

print('10.')
x = symbols('x')
f = 1 / (x ** 2 + 1) ** 3
I = Integral(f, x)

for t in [I, I.doit()]:
    pprint(t)
    print()

p = plot(x ** 2 + 1, (x ** 2 + 1) ** 2, (x ** 2 + 1)
         ** 3, f, xlim=(-5, 5), ylim=(0, 10), legend=True, show=False)
colors = ['red', 'green', 'blue', 'brown']
for i, color in enumerate(colors):
    p[i].line_color = color
p.save('sample11.svg')

expr = x / (4 * (x ** 2 + 1) ** 2) + 3 * x / \
    (8 * (x ** 2 + 1)) + 3 * atan(x) / 8

print((expr - I.doit()).factor() == 0)

入出力結果(Terminal, Jupyter(IPython))

$ ./sample11.py
10.
⌠             
⎮     1       
⎮ ───────── dx
⎮         3   
⎮ ⎛ 2    ⎞    
⎮ ⎝x  + 1⎠    
⌡             

      3                     
   3⋅x  + 5⋅x      3⋅atan(x)
──────────────── + ─────────
   4       2           8    
8⋅x  + 16⋅x  + 8            

True
$

HTML5

<div id="graph0"></div>
<pre id="output0"></pre>
<label for="r0">r = </label>
<input id="r0" type="number" min="0" value="0.5">
<label for="dx">dx = </label>
<input id="dx" type="number" min="0" step="0.001" value="0.001">
<br>
<label for="x1">x1 = </label>
<input id="x1" type="number" value="-5">
<label for="x2">x2 = </label>
<input id="x2" type="number" value="5">
<br>
<label for="y1">y1 = </label>
<input id="y1" type="number" value="-5">
<label for="y2">y2 = </label>
<input id="y2" type="number" value="5">

<button id="draw0">draw</button>
<button id="clear0">clear</button>

<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/4.2.6/d3.min.js" integrity="sha256-5idA201uSwHAROtCops7codXJ0vja+6wbBrZdQ6ETQc=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

<script src="sample11.js"></script>

JavaScript

let div0 = document.querySelector('#graph0'),
    pre0 = document.querySelector('#output0'),
    width = 600,
    height = 600,
    padding = 50,
    btn0 = document.querySelector('#draw0'),
    btn1 = document.querySelector('#clear0'),
    input_r = document.querySelector('#r0'),
    input_dx = document.querySelector('#dx'),
    input_x1 = document.querySelector('#x1'),
    input_x2 = document.querySelector('#x2'),
    input_y1 = document.querySelector('#y1'),
    input_y2 = document.querySelector('#y2'),
    input_n0 = document.querySelector('#n0'),
    inputs = [input_r, input_dx, input_x1, input_x2, input_y1, input_y2],
    p = (x) => pre0.textContent += x + '\n';

let f = (x) => x ** 2 + 1,
    g = (x) => f(x) ** 2,
    h = (x) => f(x) ** 3 ,
    fns = [[f, 'red'],
           [g, 'green'],
           [h, 'blue'],
           [(x) => 1 / h(x), 'brown']];

let draw = () => {
    pre0.textContent = '';

    let r = parseFloat(input_r.value),
        dx = parseFloat(input_dx.value),
        x1 = parseFloat(input_x1.value),
        x2 = parseFloat(input_x2.value),
        y1 = parseFloat(input_y1.value),
        y2 = parseFloat(input_y2.value);

    if (r === 0 || dx === 0 || x1 > x2 || y1 > y2) {
        return;
    }    
    
    let points = [],
        lines = [];

    fns
        .forEach((o) => {
            let [f, color] = o;
            for (let x = x1; x <= x2; x += dx) {
                let y = f(x);

                points.push([x, y, color]);
            }
        });
    
    let xscale = d3.scaleLinear()
        .domain([x1, x2])
        .range([padding, width - padding]);
    let yscale = d3.scaleLinear()
        .domain([y1, y2])
        .range([height - padding, padding]);

    let xaxis = d3.axisBottom().scale(xscale);
    let yaxis = d3.axisLeft().scale(yscale);
    div0.innerHTML = '';
    let svg = d3.select('#graph0')
        .append('svg')
        .attr('width', width)
        .attr('height', height);

    svg.selectAll('line')
        .data([[x1, 0, x2, 0], [0, y1, 0, y2]].concat(lines))
        .enter()
        .append('line')
        .attr('x1', (d) => xscale(d[0]))
        .attr('y1', (d) => yscale(d[1]))
        .attr('x2', (d) => xscale(d[2]))
        .attr('y2', (d) => yscale(d[3]))
        .attr('stroke', (d) => d[4] || 'black');

    svg.selectAll('circle')
        .data(points)
        .enter()
        .append('circle')
        .attr('cx', (d) => xscale(d[0]))
        .attr('cy', (d) => yscale(d[1]))
        .attr('r', r)
        .attr('fill', (d) => d[2] || 'green');

    svg.append('g')
        .attr('transform', `translate(0, ${height - padding})`)
        .call(xaxis);

    svg.append('g')
        .attr('transform', `translate(${padding}, 0)`)
        .call(yaxis);

    [fns].forEach((fs) => p(fs.join('\n')));
};

inputs.forEach((input) => input.onchange = draw);
btn0.onclick = draw;
btn1.onclick = () => pre0.textContent = '';
draw();

r = dx =
x1 = x2 =
y1 = y2 =